Abstract Objective: To analyze the relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services in an agroecological context. Materials and Methods: Different sources of information (114) were consulted and analyzed, referring to the available literature in the fields of biology, agricultural sciences and agroecology, with the purpose of deepening the state of knowledge related to biodiversity and ecosystem services provided by agroecological systems. Results: This review addresses an updating process constituted by the main efforts in this branch of knowledge and proposes a systematic search of the key topics and approaches that have been developed to understand the services provided by biodiversity as a key principle of agroecology. It also provides a guide for the development of research that allows a comprehensive understanding of the ecosystem services generated by biodiversity management. Analyses of the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem services in agroecosystems should be part of comprehensive studies in the agroecological context, so that from science it becomes evident which practices are more effective for the sustainability of productions. Conclusions: Multifunctional, biodiverse ecosystems that implement management practices that optimize land use and efficiently manage ecosystem services should become the paradigm for sustainable agroecosystem management. There is a strong interrelationship between the functioning of biodiversity and the development of ecosystem processes that will subsequently form the basis of production, based on the richness and spatial and temporal variability of species, their performance in the complexity of ecosystems and the maintenance of ecosystem services at different scales.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las relaciones entre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos en un contexto agroecológico. Materiales y Métodos: Se consultaron y analizaron diferentes fuentes de información (114), referentes a la literatura disponible en los ámbitos de la biología, ciencias agrícolas y agroecología, con el propósito de la profundización en el estado del conocimiento relacionado con la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos que proporcionan los sistemas agroecológicos. Resultados: Esta revisión aborda un proceso de actualización constituido por los principales esfuerzos en esta rama del conocimiento y propone una búsqueda sistemática de los temas y enfoques clave que se han desarrollado para comprender los servicios que proporciona la biodiversidad como principio clave de la agroecología. Además, aporta una guía para el desarrollo de investigaciones que permitan una comprensión integral de los servicios ecosistémicos generados por el manejo de la biodiversidad. Los análisis de la relación entre la biodiversidad y los servicios ecosistémicos en los agroecosistemas deben formar parte de los estudios integrales en el contexto agroecológico, de manera que desde la ciencia se evidencie qué prácticas son más efectivas para la sostenibilidad de las producciones. Conclusiones: Los ecosistemas multifuncionales, biodiversos, que implementen prácticas de manejo que optimicen el uso de la tierra y gestionen eficientemente los servicios ecosistémicos, se deben convertir en el paradigma del manejo sostenible de los agroecosistemas. Existe una fuerte interrelación entre el funcionamiento de la biodiversidad y el desarrollo de los procesos ecosistémicos que, posteriormente, serán la base de la producción, fundamentada por la riqueza y variabilidad espacial y temporal de especies, su desempeño en la complejidad de los ecosistemas y el mantenimiento de los servicios ecosistémicos en diferentes escalas.

Introduction: Benign non-toxic multinodular goiter is one of the most common endocrine diseases that affect the current population, and it is, in turn, the endocrine disease that most frequently requires surgical intervention. Objective: To show the results of percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of patients with benign non-toxic multinodular goiter in the short and medium term. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in patients with benign nontoxic multinodular goiter treated with percutaneous ethanol injection. The categorical variables were described by absolute frequencies and percentages, and for the numerical variables the mean, standard deviation, as well as the minimum and maximum values were calculated. To evaluate the changes between the initial and final volumes of the nodules, the Student's t-test for related samples was used. Results: The mean percentage reduction in the volume of the nodules was 48.23 ± 9.55; 58.05 ± 11.79 and 69.49 ± 13.11; a month, 3 months and 6 months after the treatment, respectively. Clinical success was complete in 67.3%, 75.5%, and 87.8% of the patients, at 1, 3, and 6 months of post-treatment follow-up, respectively. There were no complications. Conclusions: Percutaneous ethanol injection is an alternative to surgery for the treatment of patients with benign non-toxic multinodular goiter, it is safe, effective, with transient adverse effects and very rare complications in the short and medium term.

RESUMENIntroducción: El bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno es una de las enfermedadesendocrinas más comunes que afectan a la población actual, y es a su vez la enfermedadendocrina que con mayor frecuencia requiere intervención quirúrgica.Objetivo: Mostrar los resultados de la inyección percutánea de etanol en el tratamiento depacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno a corto y mediano plazo.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, en pacientes con bociomultinodular no tóxico benigno, tratados con inyección percutánea de etanol. Las variablescategóricas se describieron por frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes y para las numéricas secalculó la media, la desviación estándar, así como el valor mínimo y el máximo. Paraevaluar los cambios entre los volúmenes inicial y final de los nódulos se utilizó la prueba t deStudent para muestras relacionadas.Resultados: La media del porciento de reducción del volumen de los nódulos fue de 48,23 ±9,55; 58,05 ± 11,79 y 69,49 ± 13,11; al mes, 3 meses y 6 meses de realizado el tratamientorespectivamente. El éxito clínico fue completo en el 67,3 %, 75,5 % y el 87,8 % de lospacientes, al mes, 3 meses y 6 meses de seguimiento post tratamiento respectivamente. Nose presentaron complicaciones.Conclusiones: La inyección percutánea de etanol es una alternativa a la cirugía para el tratamiento de los pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno, es segura, efectiva, con efectos adversos transitorios y complicaciones muy poco frecuentes a corto y mediano plazo.

Introdução: O bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico é uma das doenças endócrinas mais comuns que afetam a população atual, sendo, por sua vez, a doença endócrina que mais frequentemente requer intervenção cirúrgica. Objetivo: Mostrar os resultados da injeção percutânea de etanol no tratamento de pacientes com bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico a curto e médio prazo. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal prospectivo em pacientes com bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico tratados com injeção percutânea de etanol. As variáveis ​​categóricas foram descritas por frequências absolutas e percentuais, e para as variáveis ​​numéricas foram calculados a média, desvio padrão, bem como os valores mínimo e máximo. Para avaliar as mudanças entre os volumes inicial e final dos nódulos, foi utilizado o teste t de Student para amostras relacionadas. Resultados: A redução percentual média no volume dos nódulos foi de 48,23 ± 9,55; 58,05 ± 11,79 e 69,49 ± 13,11; um mês, 3 meses e 6 meses após o tratamento, respectivamente. O sucesso clínico foi completo em 67,3%, 75,5% e 87,8% dos pacientes, em 1, 3 e 6 meses de acompanhamento pós-tratamento, respectivamente. Não houve complicações. Conclusões: A injeção percutânea de etanol é uma alternativa à cirurgia para o tratamento de pacientes com bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico, é segura, eficaz, com efeitos adversos transitórios e complicações muito raras a curto e médio prazo.

Introduction: Benign non-toxic multinodular goiter is one of the most common endocrine diseases that affect the current population, and it is, in turn, the endocrine disease that most frequently requires surgical intervention. Objective: To show the results of percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of patients with benign non-toxic multinodular goiter in the short and medium term. Methods: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in patients with benign nontoxic multinodular goiter treated with percutaneous ethanol injection. The categorical variables were described by absolute frequencies and percentages, and for the numerical variables the mean, standard deviation, as well as the minimum and maximum values were calculated. To evaluate the changes between the initial and final volumes of the nodules, the Student's t-test for related samples was used. Results: The mean percentage reduction in the volume of the nodules was 48.23 ± 9.55; 58.05 ± 11.79 and 69.49 ± 13.11; a month, 3 months and 6 months after the treatment, respectively. Clinical success was complete in 67.3%, 75.5%, and 87.8% of the patients, at 1, 3, and 6 months of post-treatment follow-up, respectively. There were no complications. Conclusions: Percutaneous ethanol injection is an alternative to surgery for the treatment of patients with benign non-toxic multinodular goiter, it is safe, effective, with transient adverse effects and very rare complications in the short and medium term.

Introducción: El bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno es una de las enfermedades endocrinas más comunes que afectan a la población actual, y es a su vez la enfermedad endocrina que con mayor frecuencia requiere intervención quirúrgica. Objetivo: Mostrar los resultados de la inyección percutánea de etanol en el tratamiento de pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno a corto y mediano plazo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal, prospectivo, en pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno, tratados con inyección percutánea de etanol. Las variables categóricas se describieron por frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes y para las numéricas se calculó la media, la desviación estándar, así como el valor mínimo y el máximo. Para evaluar los cambios entre los volúmenes inicial y final de los nódulos se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas. Resultados: La media del por ciento de reducción del volumen de los nódulos fue de 48,23 ± 9,55; 58,05 ± 11,79 y 69,49 ± 13,11; al mes, 3 meses y 6 meses de realizado el tratamiento respectivamente. El éxito clínico fue completo en el 67,3 %, 75,5 % y el 87,8 % de los pacientes, al mes, 3 meses y 6 meses de seguimiento post tratamiento respectivamente. No se presentaron complicaciones. Conclusiones: La inyección percutánea de etanol es una alternativa a la cirugía para el tratamiento de los pacientes con bocio multinodular no tóxico benigno, es segura, efectiva, con efectos adversos transitorios y complicaciones muy poco frecuentes a corto y mediano plazo.

Introdução: O bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico é uma das doenças endócrinas mais comuns que afetam a população atual, sendo, por sua vez, a doença endócrina que mais frequentemente requer intervenção cirúrgica. Objetivo: Mostrar os resultados da injeção percutânea de etanol no tratamento de pacientes com bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico a curto e médio prazo. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal prospectivo em pacientes com bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico tratados com injeção percutânea de etanol. As variáveis ​​categóricas foram descritas por frequências absolutas e percentuais, e para as variáveis ​​numéricas foram calculados a média, desvio padrão, bem como os valores mínimo e máximo. Para avaliar as mudanças entre os volumes inicial e final dos nódulos, foi utilizado o teste t de Student para amostras relacionadas. Resultados: A redução percentual média no volume dos nódulos foi de 48,23 ± 9,55; 58,05 ± 11,79 e 69,49 ± 13,11; um mês, 3 meses e 6 meses após o tratamento, respectivamente. O sucesso clínico foi completo em 67,3%, 75,5% e 87,8% dos pacientes, em 1, 3 e 6 meses de acompanhamento pós-tratamento, respectivamente. Não houve complicações. Conclusões: A injeção percutânea de etanol é uma alternativa à cirurgia para o tratamento de pacientes com bócio multinodular benigno não tóxico, é segura, eficaz, com efeitos adversos transitórios e complicações muito raras a curto e médio prazo.

Abstract The present paper analyzes the use of mobile devices among young people, to determine their need for regulation in the schools. A questionnaire was designed, which received 2,076 valid responses from young people aged between 12 and 18, in Spain. The multivariate analysis - using segmentation trees according to the Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAD) method - showed, with gender differences, a predominance of cell phone use, assuming its usefulness for learning, despite recognizing that more time is aimed at its social use than is recommended. In addition, it was revealed that there are no limitations on its use in schools. These results lead us to reflect on the advisability of regulatory strategies at various levels to ensure responsible use in educational environments.

Résumé Cette étude analyse le profil d’utilisation des appareils portables chez les jeunes dans le but d’en réglementer l’usage à l’école. Un questionnaire soumis à des élèves espagnols âgés de 12 à 18 ans a permis de valider 2.076 réponses. L’analyse multivarié a utilisé des arbres de segmentation, selon la méthode Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAD), et a constaté, avec des différences entre les sexes, une préférence déclarée pour les téléphones portables, laissant supposer que ces derniers sont utiles pour l’apprentissage, même si l’on reconnaît que leur utilisation sociale dépasse le temps recommandé et révèle par ailleurs, l’absence de limites concernant leur usage dans les établissements scolaires. Ces résultats amènent à réfléchir sur l’opportunité de stratégies de réglementation à différents niveaux pour garantir une utilisation responsable de ces appareils dans les environnements scolaires.

Resumen Este trabajo analiza el perfil de uso de los dispositivos móviles en los jóvenes para determinar la necesidad de su regulación en el centro escolar. Se diseñó un cuestionario que obtuvo 2,076 respuestas válidas de jóvenes entre 12 y 18 años del territorio español. El análisis multivariante -mediante el empleo de árboles de segmentación siguiendo el método Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAID)- evidenció, con diferencias de género, un uso preferente del teléfono móvil, bajo la asunción de su utilidad para el aprendizaje, aunque reconocen que dedican más tiempo del recomendable a su uso social; además, revela la ausencia de limitación en el uso por parte de los centros. Estos resultados invitan a reflexionar sobre la conveniencia de estrategias de regulación multinivel que garantice un uso responsable en entornos educativos.

Resumo O presente trabalho analisa o perfil de uso de dispositivos móveis entre jovens para determinar a necessidade de sua regulamentação nas escolas. Foi elaborado um questionário que obteve 2.076 respostas válidas de jovens de 12 a 18 anos em território espanhol. A análise multivariável - utilizando árvores de segmentação de acordo com o método Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection (CHAD) - evidenciou, com diferenças de gênero, um uso preferencial do celular, pressupondo-se sua utilidade para a aprendizagem, embora se reconheça que se dedica mais tempo que o recomendável a seu uso social. Além disso, revela-se a ausência de limitações em seu uso nos estabelecimentos escolares. Esses resultados levam a refletir sobre a conveniência de estratégias de regulação em diversos níveis para garantir um uso responsável em ambientes educacionais.

ABSTRACT Purpose Sentence Repetition Tasks (SRT) have been widely used to assess early language abilities in different languages and populations. In addition, it has been proved that performance in SRTs serve as a clinical marker to detect language difficulties. However, most of the research has been conducted in English language and with children older than 4 years of age. Despite this scarcity, [1] developed a SRT for monolingual Spanish-speaking children between 2 and 4 years of age. Initial findings showed that it is a useful tool for discriminating children with different linguistic levels. In addition, the task showed concurrent validity with a nonword repetition task. In the current study we want to explore the predictive validity of this task. Methods We conducted a longitudinal study including 20 monolingual Spanish-Speaking children who were tested twice, at 33 months of age and six months later. In addition to the SRT, participants completed a nonword repetition task [2] and the Spanish version of the Merrill-Palmer-R Developmental Scales [3]. Results showed strong and positive relationships between the different tests when first assessed. We also found strong and predictive relationships between the SRT at time 1 and SRT and the Merrill-Palmer-R at time 2. Conclusion We conclude that the SRT developed [1] is a valid tool for examining early language abilities and its changes over time.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the general population at around 1%, and it grows to 8-10% in adults older than 40 years. COPD is the third cause of death worldwide and the fifth cause of disability by 2020. Objective: To describe the characteristics of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease admitted to the Camilo Cienfuegos Provincial General Hospital of Sancti Spíritus during the period 2019-2022. Methods: A descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out, which included all the patients who were admitted to the Internal Medicine Service. The sample studied was the 746 adult patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who were attended. Results: There was a predominance of the group of 60 years and over in 43.69%, the male sex stood out, representing 56.70%, according to etiology, smoking was the main cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 67.29% of the patients, the degree of air flow obstruction behaved more frequently, the moderate classification represented by almost half of the patients (47.31%), respiratory infection was the most prevalent with 52.68%, followed by 42.22 % of cardiovascular complications and according to the evolution of this disease in the adult patients treated, 51.47% presented an unfavorable evolution. Conclusions: Moderate and severe forms of presentation of the disease were evidenced in most cases, with respiratory and cardiovascular complications being preponderant.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Organización Mundial de la Salud, estima la prevalencia de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en la población general en torno al 1 % y crece del 8-10 % en los adultos mayores de 40 años. Es la tercera causa de muerte a escala mundial y quinta causa de discapacidad para 2020. Objetivo: Describir las características de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica ingresados en el Hospital General Provincial Camilo Cienfuegos de Sancti Spíritus durante el período 2019-2022. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte trasversal, que incluyó a todos los pacientes que fueron ingresados en el Servicio de Medicina Interna. La muestra no probabilística la integraron 746 pacientes adultos con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, que fueron atendidos. Resultados: Existió predominio del grupo de 60 años y más en un 43,69 %, sobresalió el sexo masculino representado por el 56,7 %. El hábito tabáquico constituyó la principal causa de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en el 67,29 % de los pacientes, el grado de obstrucción del flujo aéreo se comportó con mayor frecuencia la clasificación moderada representada por casi la mitad de los pacientes (47,31 %), la infección respiratoria fue la de mayor prevalencia con 52,68 %, seguido de un 42,22 % de complicaciones cardiovasculares y según la evolución de la enfermedad, en los pacientes adultos atendidos el 51,47 % presentó una evolución desfavorable. Conclusiones: Se evidenciaron formas moderadas y severas de presentación de la enfermedad en la mayoría de los casos, siendo las complicaciones respiratorias y cardiovasculares preponderantes.

Abstract This research work studies the relationships between the best practices of modern customs and their effect on customs functions in the case of Lázaro Cárdenas customs, Michoacán. The measurable model of customs modernization with observed variables validated in the case of the Manzanillo customs by Reyes (2021) is applied. The objective of elucidating how much of the improvements in customs functions are attributable to reforms in the public function, technological and infrastructure changes and consequently to analyze the effects on the efficiency of customs management related to collection, trade facilitation and control. The technique used is the structural equation model by means of recommended by Coyle et al. (2015) for the analysis of customs modernization constructs. The results obtained reveal the positive and significant effects on the substantive functions of customs management as a result of the best practices of its modernization. It is considered that this work will contribute to improving customs management by recognizing the relevance of best practices and from which dimensions of modernization greater effects are produced to achieve efficient, transparent and competitive action and consequently propositions and recommendations are derived for administrators and officials.

Resumen En este trabajo de investigación se estudian las relaciones entre las mejores prácticas de la aduana moderna y su efecto en las funciones aduaneras en el caso de la aduana Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán. Se aplica el modelo medible de modernización aduanera con variables observadas validado en el caso de la aduana de Manzanillo por Reyes (2021). El objetivo de dilucidar cuánto de las mejoras en las funciones de la aduana son atribui ble a las reformas en la función pública, los cambios tecnológicos y de infraestructura y en consecuencia analizar los efectos en la eficiencia de la gestión aduanera relacionada con la recaudación, facilitación comercial y fiscalización. La técnica empleada es el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mediante recomendado por Coyle et al. (2015) para el análisis de constructos de modernización aduanera. Los resultados obtenidos dejan de manifiesto los efectos positivos y significativos sobre las funciones sustantivas de la gestión aduanera producto de las mejores prácticas de su modernización. Se considera que este trabajo contribuirá a mejorar la gestión aduanera reconociendo la relevancia que tienen las mejores prácticas y desde cuáles dimensiones de la modernización se producen mayores efectos para lograr una actuación eficiente, trasparente y competitiva y se deriven consecuentemente proposiciones y recomendaciones para administradores y funcionarios.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The use of platelet-rich plasma is a very useful procedure in complex lesions when epithelialization is achieved by this condition. Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics of patients treated with heterologous platelet-rich plasma as an alternative treatment in avulsive wounds. Method: An observational descriptive study was carried out. The universe consisted of 27 patients with a diagnosis of avulsive wound; 19 injured patients who met the inclusion criteria were chosen. The variables age, sex, causes of avulsive lesions, start of treatment, healing time, adverse reactions and evolution of treatment were analyzed. Absolute frequencies, percentage and ratio were used as a summary measure. Results: The male sex predominated with 68.4 %, at a ratio of 4:1.8 men per women. It is observed with a higher incidence between 18-30 years, for 47.37 %. The cause of injury was motorcycle accidents with 52.6 %. The patients had an excellent response to treatment with very rapid healing for 58.0 % of the total, with a favorable clinical course after 30 days of treatment for 89.47 %. Conclusions: Avulsive wounds predominated in males, and a high frequency is observed in youth. It is related to motorcycle accidents. Early treatment allows an excellent healing response, presenting a favorable evolution. Adverse reactions are minimal.

RESUMEN Introducción: El uso de plasma rico en plaquetas resulta un procedimiento de mucha utilidad en lesiones complejas al lograrse la epitelización. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas de los pacientes tratados con plasma rico en plaquetas heterólogo, como tratamiento alternativo en heridas avulsivas. Método: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo. El universo estuvo constituido por 27 pacientes con diagnóstico de herida avulsiva. Se escogió a 19 lesionados que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, causas de lesiones avulsivas, inicio del tratamiento, tiempo de cicatrización, reacciones adversas y evolución del tratamiento. Se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas, el porcentaje y la razón como medidas resumen. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino con un 68,4 %, a razón de 4:1,8 hombres por mujer. Se observa con mayor frecuencia entre los 18 y 30 años, para un 47,37 %. La causa de lesión fueron los accidentes de motocicletas, con 52,6 %. Los pacientes tuvieron una excelente respuesta al tratamiento con una cicatrización muy rápida para el 58,0 % del total, con evolución clínica favorable a los 30 días de tratamiento para un 89,47 %. Conclusiones: Las heridas avulsivas predominan en el sexo masculino, con mayor frecuencia en la juventud. Se relaciona con los accidentes en motocicletas. El tratamiento precoz permite una excelente respuesta de cicatrización, presenta una evolución favorable. Las reacciones adversas son mínimas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Long bone fractures are common; among them the tibia presents a high incidence. They are not only common, but often difficult to treat. Its subcutaneous location causes complications such as open fractures, pseudoarthrosis and defective consolidations. Objective: To determine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients with open fracture of the tibia treated with external fixation. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out. The universe consisted of 134 patients with a diagnosis of open fracture of the tibia. Sixty-four injured patients who met the inclusion criteria were chosen. The variables age, sex, etiology, anatomical location, classification and fracture line were analyzed, in addition to the type of external fixator used and complications. Results: The most affected age group was 28-37 years old, with 60.9 % of the total. There was a predominance of the male sex for 95.3 %. The car accident prevailed as the cause of the injury with 54.7 %. The Ilizarov external fixator is the most used model for 89.7 % to treat open fracture of the tibia and associated complications. Conclusions: The open fracture of the tibia predominates in males between the third and fourth decade of life; traffic accidents are the main cause of this traumatic injury, and the Ilizarov external fixator is the most widely used model for treating open tibial fractures and associated complications.

RESUMEN Introducción: La fractura de huesos largos es común, la de tibia presenta una elevada incidencia. No solo es frecuente, sino que a menudo es difícil de tratar. Su localización subcutánea provoca complicaciones como fractura abierta, pseudoartrosis y consolidación defectuosa. Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con fractura abierta de tibia, tratados con fijación externa. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. El universo estuvo constituido por 134 pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura abierta de tibia. Se escogió a 64 lesionados que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, etiología, localización anatómica, clasificación y trazo de la fractura, además de tipo de fijador externo utilizado y complicaciones. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas como medidas resumen. Resultados: El grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 28-37 años, con el 60,9 % del total. Hubo predominio del sexo masculino, para el 95,3 %. Predominó el accidente automovilístico como causa, con un 54,7 %. El fijador externo Ilizarov es el modelo más utilizado para tratar la fractura abierta de tibia y las complicaciones asociadas, para un 89,7 %. Conclusiones: En pacientes con fractura abierta de tibia predomina en el sexo masculino, entre la tercera y cuarta década de la vida; los accidentes de tránsito son la causa principal y el fijador externo Ilizarov es el modelo más utilizado para tratar la fractura abierta de tibia y las complicaciones asociadas.

RESUMO O problema do estudo reside no facto de os tratamentos para crianças com escoliose no Chile carecerem da integração do exercício físico. O objectivo era analisar o exercício físico para o tratamento de crianças com escoliose idiopática. As várias formas de tratamento físico para a escoliose idiopática foram estudadas através da revisão de documentos oficiais (registos médicos dos pacientes, programas de exercício e métodos de intervenção). A investigação foi realizada no Centro Cubano de Reabilitação Física em Temuco, Chile. O método empírico indireto ou não-interativo foi aplicado: análise de documentos oficiais, análise-síntese e modelação, o que permitiu a sistematização teórica do exercício físico no tratamento. Como resultado fundamental, foi concebido um programa para o tratamento da escoliose idiopática através de exercícios físicos corretivos durante um período de 18 meses.

ABSTRACT The problem of the study lies in the fact that the treatments for children with scoliosis in Chile lack integration from physical exercise. The objective was to analyze physical exercise for the treatment of children with idiopathic scoliosis. The various forms of physical treatment in idiopathic scoliosis were studied through the review of official documents (patient medical records, exercise programs and intervention methods). The research was carried out at the Cuban Center for Physical Rehabilitation in Temuco, Chile. The indirect or non-interactive empirical method was applied: analysis of official documents, analysis-synthesis and modeling, which allowed the theoretical systematization of physical exercise in treatment. As a fundamental result, the program for the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis is designed through corrective physical exercises in a period of 18 months.

RESUMEN La problemática del estudio recae en que los tratamientos para niños con escoliosis en Chile carecen de la integración desde el ejercicio físico. El objetivo fue analizar el ejercicio físico para tratamiento de niños con escoliosis idiopática. Se estudiaron las diversas formas de tratamiento físico en la escoliosis idiopática a través de la revisión de documentos oficiales (historias clínicas de los pacientes, programas de ejercicios y métodos de intervención). La investigación se llevó a cabo en el Centro Cubano de Rehabilitación Física de Temuco, Chile. Se aplicó el método empírico indirecto o no interactivo: análisis a documentos oficiales, análisis-síntesis y modelación, que permitieron la sistematización teórica del ejercicio físico en el tratamiento. Como resultado fundamental se diseña el programa para el tratamiento de la escoliosis idiopática mediante ejercicios físicos correctivos en un período de 18 meses.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Different environmental hazards associated with water converge in Santiago de Cuba, which constitutes a permanent threat to human life and to the socioeconomic development of the province (heavy rains, floods, tropical cyclones, among others). Its study in terms of disaster reduction is a priority for the Cuban State. Objective: Doing a group of research and development actions in order to assess the hazard, vulnerability and risk caused by water in nature, and in water supply systems of Santiago de Cuba province, in the face of the impact of environmental phenomena. Methods. Investigations of a multidisciplinary group structured in three parts are integrated: Studies of hazard, vulnerability and risks (HVR) in water systems of Santiago de Cuba; studies of HVR in watersheds and vulnerability behavior due to the impact of capillarity humidity in buildings from the historical center of Santiago de Cuba city. Results. Tools and solutions to strengthen forecasting and early warning systems for the population and institutions involved. Design of a new procedure for risk management based on the theory of processes, vulnerability studies in water supply systems, and water as a phenomenon of capillarity humidity in buildings. Watersheds diagnostics and flood modeling; the monthly rainfall series for the province was updated, as well as the design of professional software for early warning of extreme hydrometeorological events and community actions to improve risk culture.

RESUMEN Introducción. En Santiago de Cuba convergen distintos peligros ambientales asociados al agua que constituyen una amenaza permanente a la vida humana y al desarrollo socioeconómico de la provincia (intensas lluvias, inundaciones, ciclones tropicales, entre otros.). Su estudio en función de la reducción de desastres constituye una prioridad para el Estado cubano. Con el objetivo de realizar un conjunto de acciones de investigación y desarrollo encaminadas a determinar el peligro, la vulnerabilidad y el riesgo que causa el agua tanto en la naturaleza, como en las obras de infraestructura de la provincia Santiago de Cuba, ante el posible impacto de distintos fenómenos ambientales. Métodos. Se integran investigaciones de un grupo multidisciplinario estructurado en 3 partes: Estudios de peligro, vulnerabilidad y riesgos (PVR) en obras hidráulicas de Santiago de Cuba; estudios de PVR en cuencas hidrográficas de Santiago de Cuba y comportamiento espacial de la vulnerabilidad por el impacto de la humedad por capilaridad en edificaciones del centro histórico de la ciudad de Santiago de Cuba. Resultados. Herramientas y soluciones para fortalecer los sistemas de pronóstico y alerta temprana a la población e instituciones involucradas. Diseño de un nuevo procedimiento para la gestión de riesgos basado en la teoría de procesos, estudios de vulnerabilidad en obras hidráulicas y el agua como fenómeno de humedad capilar en las construcciones. Diagnósticos en cuencas hidrográficas y modelaciones de inundaciones; se actualizó la serie de precipitaciones mensuales de la provincia, así como diseño de software profesionales para la alerta temprana ante el impacto de eventos hidrometeorológicos extremos y acciones comunitarias para mejorar la cultura de riesgos.

Mr. Editor: Knowledge has acquired a power that bursts into all spheres of life and has demanded the development of capacities for the processing, restructuring and critical recreation of the accelerated dissemination of information. In this context, the English language appears as the most widely used for the dissemination of scientific and technical information. The English language is one of the most important languages when it comes to communication. International relations are more frequent every day and the use of this language is of more preponderance especially in the non-Anglo-Saxon countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia and in all the Spanish-speaking nations from Spain, Central America and South America.1 The primacy currently held by the English language, in the world of international relations, is a reality that few questions. English has become the vehicle of communication par excellence at all levels: politics, economy, commerce, tourism, science and technology. In other words, it has become what we could call a lingua franca, a role that, not many centuries ago, Latin (and to a lesser extent Greek( played in the western world.1 The English language has undergone a huge expansion if we compare its position, for example, in the time of Shakespeare when it was the native language of only a few million inhabitants, with its position today, when it is estimated that approximately 300 million people have it as their mother language and a similar number of inhabitants use it as a second language. It has become a vital medium for the transmission of information and traditional or digital communication, as its use spreads rapidly in the computer network system.1 Over the years, it has been seen that medical science students and specialists themselves have needed the English language during their academic studies, as well as in the professional contexts in which they are developed. Today, the most influential medical journals publish in English, which has also become the language of international conferences. His domain for medical purposes must be a compulsory subject.2 The terms associated with English learned for specific purposes have been analyzed and categorized, in order to differentiate it from English learned for general purposes. While the development of specific-purpose courses has given rise to a large number of acronyms, the general term is: English for Specific Purposes, which is then further subdivided into English for Academic Purposes (EAP) and English for Vocational Purposes (EVP). In relation to the field of Medicine, the predominant term used is English for medical purposes (IFM).3 In higher medical education centers in Cuba, great importance is given to teaching the English language, which is why it represents an essential element in terms of comprehensive preparation for the future performance of health professionals. The study of the English language is included as a discipline, in all medical science careers, from its early years with a gradual derivation of its contents and objectives, starting from the mastery of communicative aspects of language to those related to their profession, from This language preparation allows them to provide medical assistance in countries where English is used as their mother tongue, official language, or lingua franca, and to stay up-to-date on advances in science and technology, through reading, translation, and interpretation of scientific articles in the various existing sources. Furthermore, mastery of this language is an essential requirement for obtaining teaching and research categories, academic and scientific degrees.1 In the field of medicine, it is evident how necessary the English language is for students to achieve their academic purposes and can develop in the research field. The teaching of medical English must be adapted to meet these needs, since the knowledge and command of English is useful for each and every one of the health professionals. There are several articles that reinforce the value of English in the context of medical sciences,3,4,5such is the case of Gutiérrez-Rodillas,4where reference was made to the marked disuse of Spanish in its future as a language of medicine; Furthermore, Roca-Morales,5 refers to English as a means to strengthen the doctor-patient relationship through cordial and authentic communication. It can be concluded that the English language has stood out in the development of the field of medical sciences, where it has been widely used since the second half of the 20th century. An example of undoubted recognition is the increase in the number of publications in English on a daily basis, as well as the fact that most of the journals indexed in prestigious databases publish their results in this language. This letter is intended to promote the knowledge and development of English by medical science students, in order to guarantee adequate training for health professionals in Cuba.

ABSTRACT Background: bronchial asthma is an important health problem and a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality. Human, social, environmental and economic factors influence its genesis. Objective: to identify social and environmental factors related to the severity of bronchial asthma in children, based on their clinical and demographic characteristics. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in 46 children with bronchial asthma belonging to medical offices 1 and 2 of the Area VIII polyclinic in Cienfuegos, from November 2019 to May 2020. Social and demographic variables were used. Results: the male sex predominated; ages between 13-16 and 17-19 years old were the most affected, in both groups with a family history of asthma. 31 infants were exposed to the smoking habit of family members and it was related to persistent moderate crises. Most of the children required pharmacological treatment. Overcrowding prevailed, which influenced the appearance of respiratory infections. Moderately functional families prevailed, there was a predominance of dwellings classified as regular. Conclusions: bronchial asthma requires systematic educational work for its prevention. There is a direct relationship between the severity of the clinical manifestations and the risk factors that condition it.

RESUMEN Fundamento el asma bronquial es un importante problema de salud y causa frecuente de morbimortalidad. En su génesis influyen factores humanos, sociales, ambientales y económicos. Objetivo: identificar factores sociales y ambientales relacionados con la severidad del asma bronquial en niños, atendiendo a sus características clínicas y demográficas. Métodos se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 46 niños con asma bronquial pertenecientes a los consultorios médicos 1 y 2 del policlínico Área VIII de Cienfuegos, durante el período de noviembre 2019 a mayo de 2020. Se utilizaron variables sociales y demográficas. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino; las edades entre 13-16 y 17-19 años fueron las más afectadas, en ambos grupos con antecedentes familiares de asma. Estuvieron expuestos al hábito de fumar de familiares 31 infantes y se relacionó con las crisis moderadas persistentes. La mayoría de los niños necesitó tratamiento farmacológico. Predominó el hacinamiento que influyó en la aparición de infecciones respiratorias. Prevalecieron las familias moderadamente funcionales, hubo un predominio de las viviendas clasificadas de regulares. Conclusiones: existe relación directa entre la severidad de las manifestaciones clínicas del asma y los factores de riesgo que las condicionan. Se requiere de un trabajo educativo sistemático para su prevención.

Abstract Technology has penetrated all spheres of society, forming an inherent part of it and, basically, one of the biggest changes it has introduced is to facilitate interpersonal communication with through devices as well as quick and instant access to information. The paper presented is the result of a research which allowed identifying the difficulties of CC-PCC officials in their professional activity concerning the use of mobile devices through empirical and theoretical inquiries. In this research, a training strategy for improving the professional activity of these officials by using mobile devices was proposed. The strategy is also intended for promoting the development of basic competences to generate an environment of interaction, cooperation and collaboration. Its practical implementation and its validation by experts have made possible to recognize its viability, considering current requirements.

Resumen La tecnología ha penetrado en todas las sociedades, formando parte consustancial de ellas y, básicamente, uno de los mayores cambios que ha introducido es el de facilitar la comunicación interpersonal, con dispositivos y entre ellos mismos, así como un acceso rápido e instantáneo a la información. El trabajo que se presenta es el resultado de una investigación realizada que mediante indagaciones empíricas y teóricas permitieron determinar las insuficiencias existentes la actividad profesional de los funcionarios del Comité Central del Partido Comunista de Cuba (CC-PCC) en el uso de los dispositivos móviles, proponiendo una estrategia de capacitación para el mejoramiento de la actividad profesional en el uso de los dispositivos móviles a fin de potenciar el desarrollo de competencias básicas, que generan un ambiente de interacción, cooperación y colaboración. Su aplicación en la práctica y la consulta a especialistas han permitido reconocer la viabilidad de la misma, considerando las actuales exigencias.

ABSTRACT It is necessary to continue arguing the pathophysiological relationships between a sedentary lifestyle, cardiovascular hyperreactivity and obesity as risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, which are interdependent and whose prevalence currently remains high. The objective of this study was to argue the pathophysiological relationships between cardiovascular hyperreactivity, obesity and sedentary lifestyle. For this, a total of 24 bibliographic references were consulted between primary and secondary sources, as well as other sources of information that were accessed through the main managers. Risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are additive. Sedentary lifestyle and obesity are factors closely related to each other; in turn they are associated with increased activity of the sympathetic axis, with the onset of cardiovascular hyperreactivity as a phenomenon that increases the risk of suffering from high blood pressure and other cardiovascular diseases.

RESUMEN Se hace necesario continuar argumentando acerca de las relaciones fisiopatológicas entre el sedentarismo, la hiperreactividad cardiovascular y la obesidad como factores de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, que se manifiestan de manera interdependiente y cuya prevalencia en la actualidad sigue siendo elevada. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo argumentar las relaciones fisiopatológicas entre la hiperreactividad cardiovascular, la obesidad y el sedentarismo. Para ello se consultaron un total de 24 referencias bibliográficas entre fuentes primarias y secundarias, así como otras fuentes de información a las que se accedieron por medio de los principales gestores. Los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares son aditivos. El sedentarismo y la obesidad constituyen factores estrechamente relacionados entre sí, a su vez ellos se asocian a un aumento de la actividad del eje simpático, con el inicio de una hiperreactividad cardiovascular como fenómeno que aumenta el riesgo de padecer hipertensión arterial y otras enfermedades cardiovasculares.